See Page 1 |
2 |
3 |
4 | of the May 2023 homepage archives. Sunday the 21st
 This custom RF Cafe
electronics-themed crossword puzzle for May 21st contains words and clues which
pertain exclusively to the subjects of electronics, science, physics, mechanics,
engineering, power distribution, astronomy, chemistry, etc. If you do see names
of people or places, they are intimately related to the aforementioned areas of
study. Being that "T" is the 21st letter of the alphabet, it is used as the first
and/or last letter of many words in today's crossword puzzle. As always, you will
find no references to numbnut movie stars or fashion designers. Need more crossword
RF Cafe puzzles? A list at the bottom of the page links to hundreds of them dating
back to the year 2000. Enjoy.
 It was a lot of work, but I finally finished
a version of the "RF & Electronics Schematic & Block Diagram Symbols" that
works well with Microsoft Office™ programs Word™, Excel™, and Power Point™.
This is an equivalent of the extensive set of amplifier, mixer, filter, switch,
connector, waveguide, digital, analog, antenna, and other commonly used symbols
for system block diagrams and schematics created for Visio™. Each of the 1,000 or
so symbols was exported individually from Visio in the EMF file format, then imported
into Word on a Drawing Canvas. The EMF format allows an image to be scaled up or
down without becoming pixelated, so all the shapes can be resized in a document
and still look good. The imported symbols can also be UnGrouped into their original
constituent parts for editing. Check them out!
 SF Circuits' specialty is in the complex,
advanced technology of PCB fabrication and assembly, producing high quality multi-layered
PCBs from elaborate layouts. With them, you receive unparalleled technical expertise
at competitive prices as well as the most progressive solutions available. Their
customers request PCB production that is outside the capabilities of normal circuit
board providers. Please take a moment to visit San Francisco Circuits today. "Printed
Circuit Fabrication & Assembly with No Limit on Technology or Quantity."
Friday the 19th
 Tunnel diodes were first developed by Dr.
Leo Esaki in 1958, just two years before this article appeared in Radio-Electronics
magazine. In fact, it was sometime referred to as an Esaki diode. Dr. Esaki
made a significant discovery related to quantum mechanical tunneling, which led
to the development of the tunnel diode; it earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics
in 1973. Quantum mechanical tunneling is a phenomenon in quantum mechanics where
a particle, such as an electron, can pass through a potential barrier even when
it does not have sufficient energy to surmount the barrier. This effect arises due
to the wave-particle duality of quantum mechanics, which allows particles to exhibit
wave-like behavior. This led to the development of the tunnel diode, a semiconductor
device that takes advantage of electron tunneling. The tunnel diode is constructed
with a heavily doped p-n junction, where the doping levels are carefully selected
to enable the tunneling effect. The device's unique characteristic is its negative
resistance region, where the current decreases as the voltage increases within a
specific voltage range.
 1970 just doesn't seem all that long ago,
but holy moly that is more than half a century! This
Electronic Geography Quiz appeared in Popular Electronics magazine
to test the hobbyist's knowledge of the whereabouts of some of the major components
and products companies. Many of the businesses have gone defunct, been bought and
absorbed by other companies, or if they do still exist, are in new locations. It
will take a real old-timer to score well on this quiz without resorting to lucky
guesses. Still, there are a couple stalwart manufacturers today that even a newcomer
can get right. Most of the Popular Electronics quizzes were created by Robert P.
Balin, but this one was dreamed up by Thomas Haskett. Good luck...
 Centric RF is a company offering from stock
various RF and
Microwave coaxial components, including attenuators, adapters, cable assemblies,
terminations, power dividers, and more. We believe in offering high performance
parts from stock at a reasonable cost. Frequency ranges of 0-110 GHz at power
levels from 0.5-500 watts are available off the shelf. Order today, ship today!
Centric RF is currently looking for vendors to partner with them. Please visit Centric
RF today.
 "Wi‑Fi technology is based on the IEEE 802.11™
series of wireless connectivity standards that have revolutionized how we communicate
and access information. Today, billions of
Wi‑Fi-enabled
devices are in use worldwide, dramatically impacting how individuals, businesses,
government agencies, and societies interact. It is no exaggeration to say that the
IEEE 802.11 series of standards has significantly supported the deployment of high-quality
global communications Wi‑Fi technologies through inexpensive, equitable internet
access. Since its debut 25 years ago, Wi‑Fi has played a vital role in helping us
be connected at home, work, and in public places. You may recall a time when Wi‑Fi
wasn’t so readily available, but today we expect a standard level of connectivity
wherever we go – even in large outdoor spaces such as parks and baseball stadiums.
Typical of technology, the earliest versions of Wi‑Fi were considered slow by today’s
standards and its use was more limited. Today, we now use an enormous number of
Wi‑Fi-enabled devices..."
 Seamless integration of
wireless communications with wired communications has not always been a yawn
in technical strategy discussions. It has really only been since the early 1990s
with the introduction of ubiquitous cellphone systems that someone on a wireless
device could connect directly with a wired (i.e., landline) contact and not need
an intermediary operator to facilitate. Some military communications, the Inmarsat
system, and a few other proprietary systems were available, but not to the public
at large. This article reports on some of the Army's early attempts at implementing
wireless-to-wired communications, specifically as implemented during the Normandy
Invasion on D-Day. Unlike present day systems that rely heavily on data compression
and massive multiplexing, those systems allocated the standard audio (voice) bandwidth
to each channel...
 New Scheme rotates
all Banners in all locations on the page! RF Cafe typically receives 8,000-15,000
website visits each weekday.
RF Cafe is a favorite
of engineers, technicians, hobbyists, and students all over the world. With more
than 17,000 pages in the Google search index, RF Cafe returns in favorable
positions on many types of key searches, both for text and images. New content is
added on a daily basis, which keeps the major search engines interested enough to
spider it multiple times each day. Items added on the homepage often can be found
in a Google search within a few hours of being posted. If you need your company news to be seen, RF Cafe is the
place to be.
 Innovative Power Products has been designing
and manufacturing RF and Microwave passive components since 2005. We use the latest
design tools available to build our baluns, 90-degree couplers, directional couplers,
combiners/dividers, single-ended transformers, resistors, terminations, and custom
products. Applications in military, medical, industrial, and commercial markets
are serviced around the world. Products listed on the website link to detailed mechanical
drawings, electrical specifications, and performance data. If you cannot find a
product that meets your requirements on our website, contact us to speak with one
of our experienced design engineers about your project.
Thursday the 18th
 Three more
electronics-themed comics for you here, compliments of the February 1968 issue
of Radio-Electronics magazine. Television humor was a big thing in the era, especially
regarding servicing and sales. It is the classic struggle between the customer always
being right, and the business proprietor needing to protect his turf and earn a
living. Long gone from the memory of most people my age (65) and never experienced
by most people born after about 1990 is a time when in-home visits by electronic
equipment repairmen, insurance company representatives, doctors, and other professional
practitioners was still common. With the advent of online sales websites, interfacing
with human salesmen of any sort is rare. Even store checkout cashiers are disappearing
as self-service checkout machines replace humans. Recently, news of the first fully
automated McDonalds broke, where no human interaction is had from ordering to delivery
of food...
 Anatech Electronics offers the industry's
largest portfolio of high-performance standard and customized
RF and microwave filters and filter-related products for military, commercial,
aerospace and defense, and industrial applications up to 40 GHz. Three new
filter models have been introduced - a 4810 MHz cavity bandpass filter with
a bandwidth of 50 MHz minimum with an inband insertion loss of 1.7 dB
maximum and SMA female connectors, a 925-960 MHz/1805-1910 MHz cavity
duplexer with SMA female and N-type female connectors, and a 121-243 MHz/380-500 MHz
duplexer with an isolation of 60 dB and N-type connectors. This cavity duplexer
has a maximum inband insertion loss of 1.0 dB . Custom RF power filter and
directional couplers designs can be designed and produced with required connector
types when a standard cannot be found...
 AM radio station WISE, in Asheville, North
Carolina, today is an ESPN sports broadcasting entity, but until 2004 it was an
American Top 40 type music format. It gained notoriety in World War II for
being the first commercial broadcast station whose
entire staff of radio engineers was comprised of women. As reported in a 1945
issue of Radio Craft magazine, regarding chief engineer Madeline Halleuth,
"...she speaks the language of crystal-controlled frequencies, water-cooled transmitting
tubes, condensers, coils, and carries her position with the ease of a veteran radio
technician." While America's men went to fight a war to spare the world from Communist,
Fascist, Socialist aggression, women moved into many roles traditionally filled
primarily by men. Recall that "Rosie the Riveter" built airplanes and tanks, while
others delivered mail, operated heavy construction equipment, and managed the family
business...
 "Quantum computers can in theory find answers
to problems that classical computers would take eons to solve, but researchers currently
face great challenges scaling them up for practical use. Recently, a quantum computing
startup unveiled the first digital
superconducting microchip
to control quantum processors, which the company suggests might help qubits
reach their ultra-fast and high-efficiency potential. The more qubits that are quantum-mechanically
linked together via entanglement, the more computations it can perform, in an exponential
fashion. Google, IBM and other tech giants are developing quantum computers using
superconducting circuits as qubits because such hardware appears scalable to thousands
of qubits in the near future. 'It is believed that 100,000 to 1 million physical
qubits are required to build a practical quantum computer. We are paving a way of
realizing it...."
 Polystyrene has been commonly used in capacitors
since long before I came on the electronics scene. Its widespread use in electronic
and electrical components was first adopted in Europe in the 1920s, and then later
became popular in the U.S. where scientists improved its characteristics and lowered
its cost to where it could be found just about anywhere current flowed. This 1939
QST magazine article provides a brief introduction to polystyrene. In its present-day
form, polystyrene can be easily bent, cut, turned, polished, melted, drilled and
tapped - truly a versatile material. While polystyrene capacitors offer excellent
electrical characteristics, they are relatively large in size compared to modern
capacitor technologies. As a result, their usage has become less common in recent
years, with other smaller and more cost-effective dielectric materials dominating
the market...
 With more than 1000
custom-built symbols, this has got to be the most comprehensive set of
Visio Symbols available for RF, analog, and digital system and schematic
drawings! Every object has been built to fit proportionally on the provided
A-, B- and C-size drawing page templates (or can use your own). Symbols are provided
for equipment racks and test equipment, system block diagrams, conceptual drawings,
and schematics. Unlike previous versions, these are NOT Stencils, but instead are
all contained on tabbed pages within a single Visio document. That puts everything
in front of you in its full glory. Just copy and paste what you need on your drawing.
The file format is XML so everything plays nicely with Visio 2013 and later...
 Please take a few moments to visit the
everythingRF website to see how they can assist
you with your project. everythingRF is a product discovery platform for RF and microwave
products and services. They currently have 267,269 products from more than 1397
companies across 314 categories in their database and enable engineers to search
for them using their customized parametric search tool. Amplifiers, test equipment,
power couplers and dividers, coaxial connectors, waveguide, antennas, filters, mixers,
power supplies, and everything else. Please visit everythingRF today to see how
they can help you.
Wednesday the 17th
 Prior to reading the April 1961 issue of
Radio-Electronics magazine's "Inventors of Radio" article, I don't recall
ever having heard of
David Edward Hughes. Of course most people have never heard of me, but then
I haven't accomplished near as much as Mr. Hughes. Per the article, Dave (if
you'll permit the familiar reference) not only developed a precursor to the teletype
machine, but he also invented the first practical carbon microphone. Author Bartlett
claims, too, that Hughes described, based on an investigation into induced currents
due to the making and breaking of electrical contacts, the principle of the coherer
(the first widely used form of wireless signal detector). Bartlett sums up by saying,
"It has been said of Hughes' experiments in radio that they 'were virtually a discovery
of Hertzian waves before Hertz, of the coherer before Branley and of wireless telegraphy
before Marconi and others...'"
 "The terahertz region of the wireless spectrum
is a thoroughly maddening part of the electromagnetic spectrum. It's sometimes referred
to as a 'dead zone' between the frequencies used for radio signals and optical signals.
The spectrum band (300 GHz to 30 THz) has its appealing properties, but
its daunting physics has historically made it difficult to harness for practical
applications. Yet the region remains attractive to researchers, resulting in a slew
of new applications in recent years. One of the latest is an ultrasmall
terahertz wake-up receiver chip
designed by MIT engineers. The receiver requires only a few microwatts of power
and includes a low-power authentication system that shields it from denial-of-sleep
attacks. With the proliferation of smaller Internet of Things (IoT) devices, wake-up
receivers are becoming increasingly relevant today..."
 "Ground
is ground the world around," is an oft repeated saying when talking about making
electrical connections to Earth ground. In a general sense that is true, especially
when referring to electromagnetic radio signals and antenna systems that are in
some manner dependent on the common connection. However, when you are working within
the confines of a localized electronic circuit such as on a printed circuit board
or inside a chassis, there is no guarantee that without proper precautions ground
is not at the same potential everywhere. Poor (high impedance) soldered, crimped,
and bolted connections are among the prime offenders that cause voltage differentials
to arise between points intended to be equipotential. RF frequency signals are particularly
sensitive to even a minor divergence from the designed impedance because standing
waves and reflected signals can and will generate signal distortions...
 Quantic Wenzel, a leader in crystal oscillators,
frequency sources, and integrated microwave assemblies has completed delivery of
a space-qualified frequency synthesizer assembly for
NASA's Europa Clipper Mission. Scheduled to launch next year, the spacecraft
will orbit Jupiter to perform a detailed exploration of Europa - a moon that shows
evidence for an ocean of liquid water beneath its icy crust and which could host
conditions suitable for life. "Our support of the Europa Clipper mission is another
exciting step in our work with JPL," said Jigar Shah, Director of Business Development
at Quantic Wenzel. "Wenzel is widely known as a company that RF engineers come to
when they need to solve their unique frequency reference and timing challenges for
space applications..."
 The American Radio Relay League (ARRL) has
been on the cutting edge of communications technology since its founding in 1914
by Hiram Percy Maxim. Then, as now, many of the nation's top electronics and antennas
experts have been intimately involved in the design, testing, operating, and regulating
aspects of radio systems. Over time radar, software, and computer technologies have
been added to the mix of specialties as have program management, field deployment
and fixed station logistics, facilities management, and many other talents. A natural
result of all the human capability affiliated with the ARRL is the collective personal
investment in keeping flagship station
W1AW as a shining example of what amateurs (hobbyists) can achieve. This article
from a 1967 issue of QST magazine reports on how W1AW was outfitted with
state-of-the-art equipment and support equipment. At the end, I posted a couple
photos of W1AW in 2013, with hyperlinks to the ARRL website sources...
RF Cascade Workbook is the next phase in the evolution of
RF Cafe's long-running series, RF Cascade Workbook. Chances are you have
never used a spreadsheet quite like this (click here for screen capture). It is a full-featured RF system
cascade parameter and frequency planner that includes filters and mixers for a mere
$45. Built in MS Excel, using RF Cascade Workbook 2018 is a cinch
and the format is entirely customizable. It is significantly easier and faster than
using a multi-thousand dollar simulator when a high level system analysis is all
that is needed. An intro video takes you through the main features...
 Triad RF Systems designs and manufactures
RF power amplifiers
and systems. Triad RF Systems comprises three partners (hence "Triad") with
over 40 years of accumulated knowledge of what is required to design, manufacture,
market, sell and service RF/Microwave amplifiers and amplifier systems. PA, LNA,
bi-directional, and frequency translating amplifiers are available, in formats including
tower mount, benchtop, rack mount, and chassis mount. "We view Triad more as a technology
partner than a vendor for our line-of-sight communications product line." Please
check to see how they can help your project.
Tuesday the 16th
 One of the first things you learn in school
when studying transistors is the
three classes of amplifier circuits: Class A, where the conduction angle
is a full 360°; Class B, where the conduction angle is 180°; and Class C,
where the conduction angle is less than 180°. There is a fourth hybrid Class AB,
which conducts more than 180° but less than 360°. Class A is generally considered
the simplest configuration to produce a linear operation, where the output signal
is exactly the same multiple in voltage as the input signal. For example if the
gain of the amplifier is 100, then a 0.01 V input produces a 1 V output,
a 0.1 V input produces a 10 V output, and a 1 V input produces a
100 V output. Perfect linearity produces no distortion in the output, with
no spectral components not present in the input. Why wouldn't you want to use a
Class A amplifier all the time, you might ask? The answer is that it is the
least efficient configuration. In order to conduct through a full 360°, a DC bias
is required to place the output halfway between the maximum peak-to-peak output
voltage so that the transistor is never turned fully on or fully off...
 "CRFS has introduced the
RFeye AirDefense, a passive wide-area 3D geolocation and intelligence system
that can identify and geolocate aircraft transmissions while remaining invisible
to electronic detection. Its covert nature makes the system ideal for border monitoring,
radar augmentation, target acquisition, spoofing detection and more. RFeye AirDefense
solution uses 3D TDOA to achieve highly accurate geolocation of RF emissions from
objects such as enemy aircraft without emitting any electromagnetic signature that
may give away your presence. Ideal as part of an integrated air defense system.
Most aircraft emit some sort of RF signal, whether they know about it or not. From
commercial ADS-B and Airband radio transmissions to military data links (Air-to-Air
(A2A) and Air-to-Ground (A2G) tactical data links) and on-board radar..."
 Electrical noise problems in automotive
environments is almost never a problem now that most forms of communications therein
are fundamentally immune to ignition and even computer interference. We relics who
still listen to AM radio still sometimes suffer noise from lightning static, extreme
arcing from electric service connections, and, yes, even from ignition sources.
In fact, occasionally while listening to AM radio in my 2011 Jeep Patriot I will
detect a whine that is proportional to engine speed. It is not annoying enough to
warrant going to the trouble of chasing down and mitigating the source; I can live
with it. This 1966 Popular Electronics magazine article presents a very
thorough treatise on ignition noise causes and cures. The techniques are still applicable
to modern vehicles. If you are a Ham radio operator with ignition noise on your
mobile devices, you might find something here to help you...
 Here is the
method I came up with to straighten what were initially very
bowed (lengthwise) and cupped (depthwise) laminate countertops. An Internet
search on recommended ways to correct it turned up nothing. Many suggested that
with as severely curved as mine were, the best thing to do is to discard them and
buy new countertops. That was not an option for two reasons. First, after the COVID
scamdemic the cost was double what it had been just two years prior. Second, the
scamdemic, in early 2022, was still causing a major shortage of building materials,
so finding a suitable selection was nearly impossible. Having been a woodworker
for many decades, there have been a few times I needed to remove warps, twists,
or bows from wood surfaces. Cutting a crosshatch pattern on the underside for stress
relief and then flattening and bracing the surface always did the trick. Attempting
to flatten the countertop by weighing down the edges and screwing the top to the
base cabinets would not work because the tension in the curve would likely have
caused the laminate on the top to split. Cutting slots in the bottom surface made
the less-thick wood easily bend back into a flat surface. The slots were cut about
a third of the way through from the bottom, and were spaced 2 inches apart...
 Rohde & Schwarz supports missions with
scalable
intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance (ISR) systems that can be integrated
in various platforms. The company alongside Schönhofer Sales and Engineering (SSE),
a Rohde & Schwarz company, will showcase its next generation EW system solutions
at this year's AOC Europe, held at the World Conference Center in Bonn, Germany
from May 15 to 17, 2023. Showcased are communications and electronic intelligence
(COMINT and ELINT) systems for tactical and strategic missions, the new Rohde &
Schwarz naval electronic support solution, state of the art instruments and systems
for test and measurement of signals intelligence (SIGINT)/EW equipment. SSE's TARAN
Suite® redefines the decision-making process with unrivalled efficiency in SIGINT
and superior target analysis...
 Calibrated noise diodes are fairly inexpensive
these days and are widely used for measuring noise figure of systems and for generating
specific signal-to-noise ratios when testing receiver performance. This article
from a 1967 edition of the ARRL's QST magazine describes a method for using
a "hot resistor," aka "monode,"
as a noise reference source. When the temperature (T) and the resistance (R) is
known, a noise power can be calculated with a precision limited by the precision
of the T and R measurements. In this case the tungsten filament of a pilot lamp
is used as the resistor. Interestingly, if you do an Internet search for the term
"monode," the only thing that returns are references to this article. Per the author,
"The term 'monode' is derived from vacuum-tube terminology, a monode being a one-element
vacuum tube..."
New Scheme rotates
all Banners in all locations on the page! RF Cafe typically receives 8,000-15,000
website visits each weekday.
RF Cafe is a favorite
of engineers, technicians, hobbyists, and students all over the world. With more
than 17,000 pages in the Google search index, RF Cafe returns in favorable
positions on many types of key searches, both for text and images. New content is
added on a daily basis, which keeps the major search engines interested enough to
spider it multiple times each day. Items added on the homepage often can be found
in a Google search within a few hours of being posted. If you need your company news to be seen, RF Cafe is the
place to be.
 The
Wireless Telecom Group,
comprised of Boonton, Holzworth, and Noisecom, is a global designer and manufacturer
of advanced RF and microwave components, modules, systems, and instruments. Serving
the wireless, telecommunication, satellite, military, aerospace, semiconductor and
medical industries, Wireless Telecom Group products enable innovation across a wide
range of traditional and emerging wireless technologies. A unique set of high-performance
products including peak power meters, signal generators, phase noise analyzers,
signal processing modules, 5G and LTE PHY/stack software, noise sources, and programmable
noise generators.
Monday the 15th
 As mentioned in this 1961 Radio-Electronics
magazine article, fuel cells have been around for a long time. Francis T. Bacon
(not the 17th century philosopher Francis Bacon) built his first fuel cell sometime
in the 1940s. He designed the fuel cells for the Apollo 11 and other spacecraft.
President John Kennedy's famous moon speech was delivered a month after this article,
and predated the moon landing by more than eight years. Most critical technology
experiences an evolutionary period spanning decades from inception to practical
application. That time is being reduced with the advent of computers and larger
numbers of people working on the problems. Just as fuel cells have become ubiquitous
in electrical power generation processes, so, too, will other technologies that
were once considered to be pie-in-the-sky bits of science fiction - like nuclear
fusion reactors (aka tokamaks). Researchers are now very near the breakeven point
necessary to enable self-sustaining, controlled reactions...
 What might be the last operational Sears
department store in the world is located here in Greensboro, North Carolina. That
distinction is going to end very soon - not because more are slated to open, but
because it is finally closing its doors. I consider the demise of Sears, Roebuck &
Co. to be a national tragedy. It is yet another of the major companies from the
foundation of America's world economic and technical leadership that has either
gone out of business or sold out to foreign entities. Melanie and I visited the
Sears during the final days when used fixtures, office equipment, and maintenance
items were all that was left. A table of spools of various types of wire presented
an opportunity to get some pretty good deals on
RG-59 coax
and a few kinds of twisted pair cables. I bought a few for myself, but also
got many others that I figured someone else would find useful. Some reels / boxes
are full or nearly full, and I guestimate at least 100 feet on others. Photos
are shown below. Since I do not have the time or the will to unspool, measure the
length of, and re-spool any of it, your...
 Hams are a lot like most other dedicated
hobbyists in that when it comes to enthusiasm in their chosen pastimes, there are
no international barriers. Such is evident by this 1933 article in QST
magazine reporting on a
Hamfest
in Japan. The world was a much larger place back then with propeller-driven
airplanes making multiple stops on their way around the globe, transcontinental
telephone was a service reserved mostly for the wealthy, and postal mail could (and
often did) took weeks or months to be delivered from Iowa to Tokyo. The first television
broadcasts were only a few years old so other than visiting far off lands, movies
and photos were the only exposure the vast majority of people had to foreign cultures.
Amateur radio operators of all social and economic standings were more cosmopolitan
than most corporate managers in 1933...
 Based on over 25 years of experience, Temwell
is the leading 5G
diplexer and duplexer manufacturer in Taiwan. Our group provides One-stop service
for diplexers and duplexers, including 5G duplexers, 5G diplexers, VHF UHF duplexers,
VHF UHF diplexers, TETRA cavity duplexer, helix cavity diplexers, LTE low PIM diplexers,
and coaxial duplexers. Our customer service covers frequency change, isolation requests,
and power requests as below. Frequencies from DC to 60 GHz, isolation up to
60 dB, and power handling to 100 W. This diplexer features LTE Band 7
center frequencies of 2535 MHz and 2655 MHz for receive and transmit,
respectively, with 70 MHz bandwidths. Passband insertion loss is <1.0 dB
and VSWR 1.3:1...
 If the history of radar intrigues you, then
you will not want to miss this article titled "Radar:
The Silent Weapon of World War 2," from the October 1945 edition of Radio
News magazine. There are a couple dozen photos of early radar equipment installations
on land, ships, and aircraft. Radar pioneers Dr. A. Hoyt Taylor, Chief Consultant
and Chief Coordinator of Electronics at Naval Research Laboratory, and Leo C. Young
are pictured reminiscing over the "scope" of radar's history beside the first radar
set at the Research Laboratory. In 1922, while experimenting with communications
equipment for the Navy, the two men made the initial discovery of distortion in
radio reception caused by the intrusion of objects between the transmitter and receiver.
Working from this discovery, they and a number of associates made great strides
forward into the vast sphere of scientific fields covered by the word "radar" today...
RF Cascade Workbook is the next phase in the evolution of
RF Cafe's long-running series, RF Cascade Workbook. Chances are you have
never used a spreadsheet quite like this (click here for screen capture). It is a full-featured RF system
cascade parameter and frequency planner that includes filters and mixers for a mere
$45. Built in MS Excel, using RF Cascade Workbook 2018 is a cinch
and the format is entirely customizable. It is significantly easier and faster than
using a multi-thousand dollar simulator when a high level system analysis is all
that is needed. An intro video takes you through the main features...
 LadyBug Technologies was founded in 2004
by two microwave engineers with a passion for quality microwave test instrumentation.
Our employees offer many years experience in the design and manufacture of the worlds
best vector network analyzers, spectrum analyzers, power meters and associated components.
The management team has additional experience in optical power testing, military
radar and a variety of programming environments including LabVIEW, VEE and other
languages often used in programmatic systems. Extensive experience in a broad spectrum
of demanding measurement applications. You can be assured that our Power Sensors
are designed, built, tested and calibrated without compromise.
These archive pages are provided in order to make it easier for you to find items
that you remember seeing on the RF Cafe homepage. Of course probably the easiest
way to find anything on the website is to use the "Search
RF Cafe" box at the top of every page.
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