The Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology is one of the Nobel Prizes established
by Alfred Nobel,
a Swedish inventor and scientist. The Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology has
accentuated important discoveries such as penicillin, genetic engineering and blood-typing.
The Nobel Prize in Medicine is awarded annually and and recognizes individuals in
the field of Medicine or Physiology. As designated in the
will
of Alfred Nobel,
the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology shall be distributed "… to the person
who shall have made the most important discovery within the domain of physiology
or medicine."
2010 |
Robert G. Edwards |
"for the development of in vitro fertilization" |
2009 |
Elizabeth H. Blackburn,
Carol W. Greider, and
Jack W. Szostak |
"for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme
telomerase" |
2008 |
Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and
Luc Montagnier |
"for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus" |
2008 |
Harald zur Hausen |
"for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer" |
2007 |
Mario R. Capecchi,
Sir Martin J. Evans, and
Oliver Smithies
|
"for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications
in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells" |
2006 |
Andrew Z. Fire and
Craig C. Mello
|
"for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded
RNA"
|
2005 |
Barry J. Marshall and
J. Robin Warren
|
"for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis
and peptic ulcer disease" |
2004 |
Richard Axel and
Linda B. Buck
|
"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory
system" |
2003 |
Paul C. Lauterbur and
Sir Peter Mansfield
|
"for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging" |
2002 |
Sydney Brenner,
H. Robert Horvitz, and
John E. Sulston
|
"for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and
programmed cell death'"
|
2001 |
Leland H. Hartwell,
Tim Hunt, and
Sir Paul Nurse
|
"for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle" |
2000 |
Arvid Carlsson,
Paul Greengard, and
Eric R. Kandel
|
"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system" |
1999 |
Günter Blobel |
"for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport
and localization in the cell" |
1998 |
Robert F. Furchgott,
Louis J. Ignarro, and
Ferid Murad
|
"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the
cardiovascular system" |
1997 |
Stanley B. Prusiner |
"for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection" |
1996 |
Peter C. Doherty |
"for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune
defence" |
1995 |
Edward B. Lewis,
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, and
Eric F. Wieschaus
|
"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development" |
1994 |
Alfred G. Gilman and
Martin Rodbell |
"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal
transduction in cells" |
1993 |
Richard J. Roberts and
Phillip A. Sharp |
"for their discoveries of split genes" |
1992 |
Edmond H. Fischer and
Edwin G. Krebs |
"for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological
regulatory mechanism" |
1991 |
Erwin Neher and
Bert Sakmann
|
"for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells" |
1990 |
Joseph E. Murray and
E. Donnall Thomas
|
"for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment
of human disease" |
1989 |
J. Michael Bishop and
Harold E. Varmus |
"for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes" |
1988 |
Sir James W. Black,
Gertrude B. Elion, and
George H. Hitchings |
"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment" |
1987 |
Susumu Tonegawa |
"for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity" |
1986 |
Stanley Cohen and
Rita Levi-Montalcini
|
"for their discoveries of growth factors" |
1985 |
Michael S. Brown and
Joseph L. Goldstein |
"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism" |
1984 |
Niels K. Jerne,
Georges J.F. Köhler, and
César Milstein
|
"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune
system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies" |
1983 |
Barbara McClintock |
"for her discovery of mobile genetic elements" |
1982 |
Sune K. Bergström,
Bengt I. Samuelsson, and
John R. Vane
|
"for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active
substances" |
1981 |
Roger W. Sperry |
"for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral
hemispheres" |
1981 |
David H. Hubel and
Torsten N. Wiesel |
"for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system" |
1980 |
Baruj Benacerraf,
Jean Dausset, and
George D. Snell
|
"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell
surface that regulate immunological reactions" |
1979 |
Allan M. Cormack and
Godfrey N. Hounsfield |
"for the development of computer assisted tomography" |
1978 |
Werner Arber,
Daniel Nathans, and
Hamilton O. Smith
|
"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems
of molecular genetics" |
1977 |
Roger Guillemin and
Andrew V. Schally |
"for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain" |
1977 |
Rosalyn Yalow |
"for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones" |
1976 |
Baruch S. Blumberg and
D. Carleton Gajdusek |
"for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination
of infectious diseases" |
1975 |
David Baltimore,
Renato Dulbecco, and
Howard M. Temin
|
"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and
the genetic material of the cell" |
1974 |
Albert Claude,
Christian de Duve, and
George E. Palade
|
"for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization
of the cell" |
1973 |
Karl von Frisch,
Konrad Lorenz, and
Nikolaas Tinbergen
|
"for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual
and social behaviour patterns" |
1972 |
Gerald M. Edelman and
Rodney R. Porter |
"for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies" |
1971 |
Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. |
"for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones" |
1970 |
Sir Bernard Katz,
Ulf von Euler, and
Julius Axelrod
|
"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals
and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation" |
1969 |
Max Delbrück,
Alfred D. Hershey, and
Salvador E. Luria
|
"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic
structure of viruses" |
1968 |
Robert W. Holley and
H. Gobind Khorana
|
"for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis" |
1967 |
Ragnar Granit,
Haldan K. Hartline and
George Wald
|
"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual
processes in the eye" |
1966 |
Peyton Rous |
"for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses" |
1966 |
Charles B. Huggins |
"for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer" |
1965 |
François Jacob,
André Lwoff, and
Jacques Monod
|
"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis" |
1964 |
Konrad Bloch and
Feodor Lynen
|
"for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol
and fatty acid metabolism" |
1963 |
Sir John Eccles,
Alan L. Hodgkin, and
Andrew F. Huxley
|
"for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation
and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane" |
1962 |
Francis Crick,
James Watson, and
Maurice Wilkins
|
"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and
its significance for information transfer in living material" |
1961 |
Georg von Békésy |
"for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea" |
1960 |
Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet and
Peter Medawar
|
"for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance" |
1959 |
Severo Ochoa and
Arthur Kornberg
|
"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic
acid and deoxyribonucleic acid" |
1958 |
George Beadle and
Edward Tatum |
"for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events" |
1958 |
Joshua Lederberg |
"for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of
the genetic material of bacteria" |
1957 |
Daniel Bovet |
"for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action
of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and
the skeletal muscles" |
1956 |
André F. Cournand,
Werner Forssmann, and
Dickinson W. Richards |
"for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes
in the circulatory system" |
1955 |
Hugo Theorell |
"for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes" |
1954 |
John F. Enders,
Thomas H. Weller, and
Frederick C. Robbins
|
"for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures
of various types of tissue" |
1953 |
Hans Krebs |
"for his discovery of the citric acid cycle" |
1953 |
Fritz Lipmann |
"for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism" |
1952 |
Selman A. Waksman |
"for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis" |
1951 |
Max Theiler |
"for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it" |
1950 |
Edward C. Kendall,
Tadeus Reichstein, and
Philip S. Hench |
"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their
structure and biological effects" |
1949 |
Walter Hess |
"for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator
of the activities of the internal organs" |
1949 |
Egas Moniz |
"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses" |
1948 |
Paul Müller |
"for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against
several arthropods" |
1947 |
Carl Cori and
Gerty Cori
|
"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen" |
1947 |
Bernardo Houssay |
"for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary
lobe in the metabolism of sugar" |
1946 |
Hermann J. Muller |
"for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation" |
1945 |
Sir Alexander Fleming,
Ernst B. Chain, and
Sir Howard Florey
|
"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious
diseases" |
1944 |
Joseph Erlanger and
Herbert S. Gasser |
"for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single
nerve fibres" |
1943 |
Henrik Dam |
"for his discovery of vitamin K" |
1943 |
Edward A. Doisy |
"for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K" |
1942 |
The prize money was with 1/3 allocated
to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section |
1941 |
The prize money was with 1/3 allocated
to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section |
1940 |
The prize money was with 1/3 allocated
to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section |
1939 |
Gerhard Domagk |
"for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil" |
1938 |
Corneille Heymans |
"for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in
the regulation of respiration" |
1937 |
Albert Szent-Györgyi |
"for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes,
with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid" |
1936 |
Sir Henry Dale and
Otto Loewi
|
"for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses" |
1935 |
Hans Spemann |
"for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development" |
1934 |
George H. Whipple,
George R. Minot, and
William P. Murphy |
"for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia" |
1933 |
Thomas H. Morgan |
"for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity" |
1932 |
Sir Charles Sherrington and
Edgar Adrian |
"for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons" |
1931 |
Otto Warburg |
"for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme" |
1930 |
Karl Landsteiner |
"for his discovery of human blood groups" |
1929 |
Christiaan Eijkman |
"for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin" |
1929 |
Sir Frederick Hopkins |
"for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins" |
1928 |
Charles Nicolle |
"for his work on typhus" |
1927 |
Julius Wagner-Jauregg |
"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment
of dementia paralytica" |
1926 |
Johannes Fibiger |
"for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma" |
1925 |
The prize money was allocated to the Special
Fund of this prize section |
1924 |
Willem Einthoven |
"for his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram" |
1923 |
Frederick G. Banting |
"for the discovery of insulin" |
1922 |
Archibald V. Hill |
"for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle" |
1922 |
Otto Meyerhof |
"for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen
and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle" |
1921 |
The prize money was allocated to the Special
Fund of this prize section |
1920 |
August Krogh |
"for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism" |
1919 |
Jules Bordet |
"for his discoveries relating to immunity" |
1918 |
The prize money was allocated to the Special
Fund of this prize section |
1917 |
The prize money was allocated to the Special
Fund of this prize section |
1916 |
The prize money was allocated to the Special
Fund of this prize section |
1915 |
The prize money was allocated to the Special
Fund of this prize section |
1914 |
Robert Bárány |
"for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus" |
1913 |
Charles Richet |
"in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis" |
1912 |
Alexis Carrel |
"in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood
vessels and organs" |
1911 |
Allvar Gullstrand |
"for his work on the dioptrics of the eye" |
1910 |
Albrecht Kossel |
"in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made
through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances" |
1909 |
Theodor Kocher |
"for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland" |
1908 |
Ilya Mechnikov and
Paul Ehrlich
|
"in recognition of their work on immunity" |
1907 |
Alphonse Laveran |
"in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases" |
1906 |
Camillo Golgi |
"in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system" |
1905 |
Robert Koch |
"for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis" |
1904 |
Ivan Pavlov |
"in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge
on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged" |
1903 |
Niels Ryberg Finsen |
"in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially
lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue
for medical science"
|
1902 |
Ronald Ross |
"for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and
thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods
of combating it"
|
1901 |
Emil von Behring |
"for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria,
by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed
in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths"
|